Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Percepções e expectativas de homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais pós-transição / Trans men's perceptions and expectations of post-transition affective-sexual relationships / Percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición

As identidades transmasculinas ganharam visibilidade social e acadêmica no Brasil a partir de 2010, contudo, as questões subjetivas dos homens trans ainda são pouco debatidas, em particular temas associados aos relacionamentos afetivos na experiência desses sujeitos. Este estudo qualitativo tem por objetivo identificar as percepções e expectativas dos homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais no cenário pós-transição de gênero. Participaram da pesquisa 15 homens transexuais hormonizados, com idades entre 20 e 41 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada nas modalidades presencial e on-line. Empregou-se análise temática reflexiva, que resultou em dois temas analíticos. Os resultados apontam que os homens trans, ao contrário de suas expectativas iniciais, percebem que tiveram menos oportunidades de relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais depois de sua transição de gênero. Os participantes atribuem essa dificuldade especialmente ao fato de não terem se submetido à cirurgia de redesignação sexual. O desconforto é acentuado por sua materialidade corpórea divergente da cisnormatividade, sistema regulador que associa pessoas pertencentes ao gênero masculino à presença de um pênis. Outra fonte de desconforto é o repúdio social, que alimenta a abjeção, exotização e fetichização dos corpos transmasculinos. Também são descritas as especificidades do relacionamento dos homens trans com mulheres cisgênero, heterossexuais e lésbicas. Os resultados evidenciam que a fixação persistente no genital, como referente e signo determinante do gênero e da sexualidade, modula e regula a busca e o encontro de parceira(o) íntima(o).(AU)

Transmasculine identities have gained social and academic visibility in Brazil since 2010, but subjective issues, especially those associated with affective relationships, are still little discussed. This qualitative study sought to identify trans men's perceptions and expectations regarding post-transition affective-sexual relationships. A total of 15 transsexual men undergoing hormone therapy, aged between 20 and 41 years, participated in the research. Data were collected by means of in-person and online semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which resulted in two analytical themes. Results show that trans men, differently from their initial expectations, perceive fewer opportunities for affective-sexual relationships after their gender transition. The participants attribute this difficulty, especially, to the fact that they have not undergone sexual reassignment surgery. Discomfort isaccentuated by their bodily materiality diverging from cisnormativity, the regulatory system that associates people belonging to the male gender with the presence of a penis. Another source of discomfort is the social repudiation, which reinforces the abjection, exoticization, and fetishization of transmasculine bodies. The specifics of trans men's relationships with cisgender, heterosexual, and lesbian women are also described. The results show that the persistent fixation on the genital, as a referent and determinant sign of gender and sexuality, modulates and regulates the search for and encounter of intimate partners.(AU)

Las identidades transmasculinas han ganado visibilidad social y académica en Brasil desde 2010, sin embargo, las cuestiones subjetivas de los hombres trans son aún poco discutidas, en particular las cuestiones asociadas a las relaciones afectivas en la experiencia de estos sujetos. Este estudio cualitativo tiene como objetivo identificar las percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición de género. Participaron en la investigación 15 hombres transexuales hormonados, de edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 41 años. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante una entrevista semiestructurada en las modalidades presencial y en línea. Se realizó un análisis temático reflexivo, que dio como resultado dos temas analíticos. Los resultados muestran que los hombres trans, al contrario de sus expectativas iniciales, perciben que han tenido menos oportunidades de relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de su transición de género. Los participantes atribuyen esta dificultad especialmente al hecho de no haberse sometido a cirugía de reasignación sexual. La incomodidad se acentúa por su materialidad corpórea divergente de la cisnormatividad, un sistema normativo según el cual las personas pertenecientes al género masculino deben tener pene. Otra fuente de malestar es el repudio social, que alimenta la abyección, la exotización y la fetichización de los cuerpos transmasculinos. También se describen las especificidades de las relaciones de los hombres trans con las mujeres heterosexuales, cisgénero y lesbianas. Los resultados muestran que la persistente fijación en los genitales, como referente y signo determinante del género y la sexualidad, modula y regula la búsqueda y el encuentro de parejas íntimas.(AU)

Resolução de conflitos familiares por adolescentes e defesa do domínio pessoal / Adolescents' family conflict resolution and defense of personal domain / Resolución de conflictos familiares por adolescentes y defensa del dominio personal

Compreender as estratégias de resolução de conflitos utilizadas por adolescentes na relação com seus pais é fundamental para entender como ocorre seu desenvolvimento saudável. Este artigo investigou a resolução de conflitos de adolescentes em situações de confronto entre o seu domínio pessoal e o controle parental. 36 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos igualmente conforme o sexo, responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, que continha quatro situações de conflito hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica e a testes não paramétricos. Os resultados foram categorizados em sete estratégias: Assunção de culpa, Submissão, Mentira, Hostilidade, Diálogo/Explicação, Negociação e Outra. A forma predominante de resolução utilizada foi o Diálogo/Explicação, considerada como uma forma recorrente de defender o domínio pessoal. Foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao sexo dos participantes e à situação hipotética. Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em termos de grau de autonomia e tipo de defesa do domínio pessoal.(AU)

Understanding the conflict resolution strategies used by adolescents in their relationship with their parents is fundamental to understanding how their healthy development occurs. This article investigated the resolution of conflicts by adolescents in confrontation situations between their personal domain and parental control. A total of 36 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, divided equally according to sex, answered a semi-structured interview that contained four hypothetical conflict situations. Data were subjected to semantic content analysis and non-parametric tests. The results were categorized into seven strategies: Assumption of Guilt, Submission, Lie, Hostility, Dialogue/Explanation, Negotiation, and Other. The predominant form of resolution used was Dialogue/Explanation, considered a recurrent form of defense of the personal domain. Differences were found depending on the participants' gender and the hypothetical situation. Finally, the results are discussed regarding the degree of autonomy and type of defense of the personal domain.(AU)

Enterarse de las estrategias de resolución de conflictos que los adolescentes utilizan en la relación con sus padres es fundamental para comprender cómo ocurre el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. A partir de una entrevista semiestructurada, presentamos cuatro situaciones hipotéticas de conflicto que fueron analizadas y respondidas por 36 adolescentes de entre 15 y 17 años, divididos según el género. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de contenido semántico y a pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados se categorizaron en siete estrategias de resolución de conflictos: Asunción de culpa, Sumisión, Mentira, Hostilidad, Diálogo/Explicación, Negociación y Otros. La forma de resolución más utilizada fue Diálogo/Explicación, y esta categoría fue una forma de defensa del dominio personal. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias en función del género de los participantes y conforme la situación hipotética. Los resultados se discuten en términos de grado de autonomía y tipo de defensa del dominio personal.(AU)

Uma teoria psicológica transfeminista: sobrevivendo aos escombros da saúde mental brasileira / A transfeminist psychological theory: surviving the debris of brazilian mental health / Una teoría psicológica transfeminista: sobrevivir a los escombros de la salud mental brasileña

Este artigo reflete sobre os modos como a cisnormatividade, conceito impulsionado pelos transfeminismos, tem auxiliado na composição da psicologia de maneira histórica. Ao elaborar uma crítica sobre como a violência de gênero está expressivamente presente no território brasileiro, discute-se como tem sido pensada a saúde mental, esfera que, uma vez inserida nesse contexto mais amplo, está sendo convocada a produzir saídas criativas em relação aos sujeitos que são alvo de discriminações transfóbicas. Na busca de deslocar o olhar do indivíduo para o social, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico para investigar os diferentes impactos que a cisnormatividade opera em nossos currículos psicológicos, gerando efeitos na prática e na própria profissão. A aposta está em reconhecer outras epistemologias como projetos éticos e políticos a uma psicologia contemporânea, e a contribuição transfeminista a "outra" clínica. É nesse sentido que este trabalho se destina a pensar um modo de cuidado que esteja baseado na singularidade, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, seja capaz de dedicar alguma atenção ao paradigma normativo que nos guia como terapeutas.(AU)

This article reflects on the ways that cisnormativity, a concept boosted by transfeminisms, has played a historical role in the composition of psychology. Elaborating a criticism on how gender violence is expressively present in the Brazilian territory, we discuss how mental health is conceived, a sphere that, inserted in this wider context, is invited to create creative solutions related to the subjects who are the target of transphobic discrimination. Trying to shift the focus from the individual to the collective, a bibliographical study was conducted to recognize the different impacts that cisnormativity has in our psychological curriculums, having effects on the practice and on the profession itself. The goal is to recognize other epistemologies as ethical and political projects for contemporary psychology and the transfeminist contribution to "another" clinic. It is in this sense that this work aims to think about a form of care that is based on singularity, but that can also pay attention to the normative paradigm that guides us as therapists.(AU)

Este artículo reflexiona sobre las formas en que la cisnormatividad, un concepto impulsado por los transfeminismos, ha tenido un papel en la composición de la psicología de manera histórica. Al elaborar una crítica sobre como la violencia de género está expresamente presente en el territorio brasileño, se discute cómo se ha pensado la salud mental, dominio que, una vez insertado en este contexto más amplio, es convocado a producir soluciones creativas con relación a los sujetos que son objeto de discriminación transfóbica. Al desviar el enfoque del individuo hacia lo social, se realizó un estudio bibliográfico para investigar los diferentes impactos que tiene la cisnormatividad en nuestros planes de estudios psicológicos, generando efectos en la práctica y en la propia profesión. El foco está en reconocer otras epistemologías como proyectos éticos y políticos para la psicología contemporánea y la contribución transfeminista a una "otra" clínica. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende pensar en una forma de cuidado que se basa en la singularidad, al mismo tiempo que sea capaz de dedicar cierta atención al paradigma normativo que a nosotras nos guía como terapeutas.(AU)

Butler e a psicanálise: do fracasso das normas à estranheza do gozo / Butler and psychoanalysis: from the failure of norms to the uncanniness of jouissance / Butler y el psicoanálisis: del fracaso de las normas a la rareza del goce

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer avançar o debate entre a psicanálise e os estudos queer, em especial a partir da interlocução traçada por Judith Butler com os trabalhos de Freud e Lacan. Retomando o modo como Butler articula Foucault, Derrida e a psicanálise para pensar os problemas de gênero, evidenciamos que a teoria psicanalítica permite à filósofa situar, a partir de sua concepção da melancolia de gênero, os pontos de fracasso da norma em função da vida psíquica do poder. Ainda que a cisheterossexualidade normativa imponha um roteiro de identificações e escolhas de objeto a seus sujeitos, há uma imprevisibilidade na maneira pela qual cada um responderá às injunções normativas da cultura, o que aponta para uma falha das normas em determinar completamente a subjetividade. A melancolia de gênero se torna, assim, uma marca da importância da psicanálise no percurso de Butler. Em seguida, discutimos as interpelações da filósofa ao simbólico lacaniano, bem como as nuances progressivamente introduzidas em sua leitura da diferença sexual. Ao longo do percurso de Butler, a diferença sexual deixa de ser considerada uma teoria da heterossexualidade e passa a ser apresentada como um conceito-borda, uma fronteira vacilante, que tomamos aqui como um convite para produzirmos uma releitura não normativa da diferença sexual na psicanálise a partir da teoria lacaniana da sexuação. Finalmente, localizamos a estranheza do gozo e o caráter irredutível da sexualidade às normas sociais como um importante eixo partilhado entre Butler e a psicanálise.(AU)

The aim of this article is to branch out the debate between psychoanalysis and queer studies, focusing on the interlocution drawn by Judith Butler with the works of Freud and Lacan. Returning to the way Butler articulates Foucault, Derrida and psychoanalysis to think about gender trouble, we show that psychoanalytic theory allows the philosopher to situate, from her conception of gender melancholy, the points of failure of the norm in function of the psychic life of power. After all, even though normative cis-heterosexuality imposes a script of identifications and object-choices on its subjects, there is an unpredictability to the way in which each one will respond to the normative injunctions of culture, so that norms fail to fully determine subjectivity. Gender melancholy thus becomes a mark of the importance of psychoanalysis in Butler's path. Then, we discuss the philosopher's interpellations to the Lacanian symbolic order, as well as the nuances progressively introduced in her reading of sexual difference. Along Butler's path, sexual difference is no longer considered a theory of heterosexuality and is presented as a border-concept, a vacillating frontier, which we take here as an invitation to produce a non-normative rereading of sexual difference in psychoanalysis, resorting to the Lacanian theory of sexuation. Finally, we locate the uncanniness of jouissance and the irreducible character of sexuality to social norms as an important shared axis between Butler and psychoanalysis.(AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es hacer avanzar el debate entre el psicoanálisis y los estudios queer, enfatizando la interlocución trazada por Judith Butler con los trabajos de Freud y Lacan. Volviendo a la forma en que Butler articula a Foucault, Derrida y el psicoanálisis para pensar los problemas de género, mostramos que la teoría psicoanalítica permite a la filósofa ubicar, desde su concepción de la melancolía de género, los puntos de falla de la norma en función de la vida psíquica del poder. Aunque la cis-heterosexualidad normativa imponga identificaciones y elecciones de objeto a sus sujetos, hay una imprevisibilidad en la forma en que cada uno responderá a los mandatos normativos de la cultura, lo que apunta a un fracaso de las normas para determinar completamente la subjetividad. La melancolía de género se convierte, entonces, en una marca de la importancia del psicoanálisis en la trayectoria de Butler. En seguida, discutimos las interpelaciones de la filósofa a lo simbólico lacaniano, así como los matices progresivamente introducidos en su lectura de la diferencia sexual. A lo largo de la trayectoria de Butler, la diferencia sexual deja de ser considerada una teoría de la heterosexualidad y pasa a ser presentada como un concepto-borde, um límite vacilante, que tomamos aquí como una invitación para producirmos una relectura no normativa de la diferencia sexual en psicoanálisis a partir de la teoría lacaniana de la sexuación. Finalmente, ubicamos la rareza del goce y el carácter irreductible de la sexualidad a las normas sociales como un importante eje compartido entre Butler y el psicoanálisis.(AU)

O racismo enraizado nas famílias inter-raciais de São Paulo / Deep-rooted racism in interracial families from São Paulo / Racismo arraigado en las familias interraciales de São Paulo

O racismo estrutural é uma realidade na sociedade brasileira e pode ser manifestado no interior de famílias inter-raciais. As crianças e as pessoas adultas que experienciam sentimentos de aceitação ou de rejeição nas dinâmicas familiares desenvolvem diferentes formas de ver a si mesmas, os outros e o mundo ao redor. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as percepções de suporte emocional, rejeição parental na infância e discriminação cotidiana entre pessoas brancas, pardas e pretas. Participaram 175 pessoas, 80% do gênero feminino, com idade da amostra total variando de 18-39 anos (M = 24; DP = 5,11). Cento e três participantes se identificaram como branca/o, 42, como preta/o e 30, como parda/o. Todos responderam um formulário online composto pela Escala de Lembranças de Práticas Parentais, Escala de Discriminação Cotidiana e questões sociodemográficas. O resultado do teste Manova indicou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as pessoas brancas, pardas e pretas em relação ao suporte emocional e à rejeição parental. Quanto à percepção de discriminação, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas subescalas de Tratamento Injusto [X²(2) = 17,360; p < 0,001] e Rejeição Pessoal [X²(2) = 27,970; p < 0,001], pessoas pretas apresentaram maiores médias que pardas e brancas, respectivamente. Discute-se a importância de falar sobre racismo nas relações familiares. Espera-se percepções de rejeição parental menor para pessoas brancas e de discriminação cotidiana maior para pardas e pretas.(AU)

Structural racism is a reality in Brazilian society and it can manifest within interracial families. Children and adults who experience feelings of acceptance or rejection in family dynamics develop different forms of seeing themselves, others, and the world around them. This study aimed to analyze perceptions of emotional support, parental rejection in childhood, and everyday discrimination between white, mixed, and black people. The participants were 175 people, 80% women, aged between 18 to 39 years (M = 24; DP = 5.11). A hundred and three participants identified themselves as white, 42 as black, and 30 as mixed. All answered an online form with the Memories on Parenting Practices, Everyday Discrimination Scale, and sociodemographic questions. Results show that the MANOVA test indicated no statistically significant difference between white, black, and mixed people regarding emotional support and parental rejection. Concerning the perception of discrimination, there was a statistically significant difference in the Unfair Treatment [X2(2) = 17.360; p < 0.001] and Personal Rejection [X2(2) = 27.970; p < 0.001] subscales, black people presented higher averages than mixed and white groups, respectively. This study discusses the importance of discussing racism in family relationships. Perceptions of lower parental rejection for white people and higher everyday discrimination for mixed and blacks are expected.(AU)

El racismo estructural es una realidad en la sociedad brasileña y puede manifestarse en familias interraciales. Los niños y los adultos que experimentan sentimientos de aceptación o rechazo en la dinámica familiar desarrollan diferentes formas de verse a sí mismos, a los demás y al mundo que los rodea. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las percepciones de apoyo emocional, rechazo de los padres en la infancia y discriminación cotidiana entre personas blancas, mestizas y negras. Participaron 175 personas, 80% mujeres, con una edad de la muestra total de entre 18 y 39 años (M = 24; DE = 5,11). Ciento tres participantes se identificaron como blancos; 42 como negros y 30 como pardos. Todos respondieron un formulario en línea que consta de la Escala de Recuerdo de Prácticas de Crianza, la Escala Discriminación en la Vida Cotidiana y de preguntas sociodemográficas. El resultado de la prueba Manova indicó que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las personas con respecto al apoyo emocional y el rechazo de los padres. En cuanto a la percepción de discriminación, hubo uma diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las subescalas de trato injusto [X2(2) = 17,360; p < 0,001] y rechazo personal [X2(2) = 27,970; p < 0,001], los negros tenían promedios más altos que los pardos y los blancos, respectivamente. Se discute la importancia de hablar de racismo en las relaciones familiares. Se esperan percepciones de menor rechazo de los padres hacia las personas blancas y mayor discriminación diaria hacia los pardos y negros.(AU)

[The role of socialisation in psychosexual development].

INTRODUCTION: In the recent research and interpretation of the genetical-biological and environmental-social factors shaping psychosexual development, in addition to scientific arguments, more and more ideological and political aspect have received unfortunate emphasis. OBJECTIVE: Since the literature investigating the development of gender identity and gender orientation has not only increased, but also polarized, it is timely to look at the scientific exchange of ideas and debates among the differing positions. METHOD: Exploring the significance of genetic, biological and social factors involved in the development of gender identity and gender orientation based on international literature data. RESULTS: Based on the current state of science it can be concluded that, in addition to the indisputably marked genetic-biological factors, education and social patterns, as well as the extremely complex environmental and media-related influence with its variable intensity and diverse emotional content also play a significant role in the psychosexual development. This is supported, among other observations, by the data indicating that homoerotic behavior is more common in people raised by same-sex couples. CONCLUSION: As psychosexual development is determined jointly by both genetic-biological and social factors (like education, media etc), belonging to a sexual minority group is not a choice, not the result of a personal decision. Therefore, any kind of discrimination in this regard is unacceptable. Further scientific studies are necessary to answer a large number of questions that still remain open.

The SIGHT questionnaire: A novel assessment tool for Satisfaction In Genital Hypospadias Treatment.

PURPOSE: Psychosexual development is currently underrepresented in hypospadias outcome research. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire addressing psychosexual long-term satisfaction, specifically of adolescent patients, after hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a multistep participative design we identified key interests of adolescent patients with hypospadias. Next, a questionnaire addressing specifically the psychosexual satisfaction of adolescents after hypospadias repair was established. A population of 109 former patients with hypospadias was then assessed using this questionnaire. Furthermore, functional and cosmetic aspects, behavioural anomalies, and sexual activity were investigated. Age-matched patients undergoing circumcision served as control patients. Possible influence factors on patient satisfaction were investigated. Clinical trial registry site: German Registry of Clinical Trials DRKS, Freiburg, Germany (Reference: DRKS00003432). RESULTS: Key interests of adolescent patients were "normal appearance of the penis", "normal function of the penis regarding voiding and sexual activity", "no limitations regarding cosmetic appearance to others", "no limitations to sexual activity", and an "unimpaired masculine identity". The "Satisfaction In Genital Hypospadias Treatment" (SIGHT) questionnaire was developed using these items and using previously published evaluation systems. Nine questions address psychosexual aspects and two additional questions address current sexual activity. Internal consistency was high and retest reliability acceptable. The patient population showed a normal strength and difficulties score (SDQ). Overall satisfaction was high and similar to that of the control group. In a Spearman correlation a high SDQ value, erectile problems, and complications correlated negatively with satisfaction. CONCLUSION: To date, few studies have examined patients' satisfaction and psychosexuality. To our knowledge, the SIGHT questionnaire is the first to be developed participatively and in a stepwise fashion in collaboration with a paediatric psychologist and an open approach to determine items specifically important for adolescents. The SIGHT questionnaire can thus offer a relevant assessment of patients' psychosexual satisfaction. It is most suitable to supplement current strategies that so far mostly neglect the impact on psychosexual wellbeing.

Increased Cross-Gender Identification Independent of Gender Role Behavior in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Results from a Standardized Assessment of 4- to 11-Year-Old Children.

While reports showing a link between prenatal androgen exposure and human gender role behavior are consistent and the effects are robust, associations to gender identity or cross-gender identification are less clear. The aim of the current study was to investigate potential cross-gender identification in girls exposed prenatally to high concentrations of androgens due to classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Assessment included two standardized measures and a short parent interview assessing frequency of behavioral features of cross-gender identification as conceptualized in Part A of the diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder (GID) in the DSM-IV-TR. Next, because existing measures may have conflated gender role behavior with gender identity and because the distinction is potentially informative, we factor analyzed items from the measures which included both gender identity and gender role items to establish the independence of the two constructs. Participants were 43 girls and 38 boys with CAH and 41 unaffected female and 31 unaffected male relatives, aged 4- to 11-years. Girls with CAH had more cross-gender responses than female controls on all three measures of cross-gender identification as well as on a composite measure of gender identity independent of gender role behavior. Furthermore, parent report indicated that 5/39 (12.8 %) of the girls with CAH exhibited cross-gender behavior in all five behavioral domains which comprise the cross-gender identification component of GID compared to 0/105 (0.0 %) of the children in the other three groups combined. These data suggest that girls exposed to high concentrations of androgens prenatally are more likely to show cross-gender identification than girls without CAH or boys with and without CAH. Our findings suggest that prenatal androgen exposure could play a role in gender identity development in healthy children, and may be relevant to gender assignment in cases of prenatal hormone disruption, including, in particular, cases of severely virilized 46, XX CAH.

Grupo operativo com adolescentes em um núcleo da assistência social: a questão da identidade de gênero / Operative group with teens at a social welfare center: the question of gender identity / Grupo operativo con adolescentes en un centro de asistencia social: la cuestión de la identidad de género

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender aspectos do vínculo terapêutico que emergiram no setting grupal, em uma experiência de grupos operativos com adolescentes em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Foram realizados grupos operativos com adolescentes frequentadores de um Núcleo da Assistência Social da Secretaria da Assistência Social de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Participaram 10 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 10 a 15 anos. Os adolescentes foram atendidos em sessões com duração de 1h20 e frequência semanal, ao longo de 12 meses. O grupo era aberto e tinha como finalidade possibilitar aos participantes criar condições para refletir sobre os problemas encontrados em seu cotidiano, buscando estratégias mais apropriadas para obter as modificações necessárias para a resolução de seus dilemas. Observou-se que a identidade de gênero perpassa os conflitos emocionais que emergem no espaço grupal. O processo de aprendizagem em grupo levou à adoção de condutas alternativas diante de obstáculos que se apresentaram no processo grupal, favorecendo o rompimento com formas primitivas de sentir, pensar e agir apresentadas no início dos encontros.

This study aimed to understand aspects of the therapeutic relationship that emerged in the group setting, in an experience of operative groups with socially vulnerable adolescents. Operative groups were held with teenagers who attended a Welfare Center of the Department of Social Welfare in a city in the state of São Paulo. A total of 10 male and female adolescents, aged 10-15 years, were treated in sessions lasting 1:20 a.m. on a weekly basis, over 12 months. The group was open and aimed to enable participants to create conditions to reflect on the problems encountered in their daily lives, seeking more appropriate strategies for the changes necessary to solve their dilemmas. It was observed that gender identity permeates the emotional conflicts that emerge in the group space. The group learning process led to the adoption of alternative conducts in view of obstacles that appeared in the group process, favoring the rupture with primitive ways of feeling, thinking and acting presented at the beginning of the meetings.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender los aspectos de la relación terapéutica que surgió en el ambiente de grupo, en una experiencia de los grupos operativos con los adolescentes en situación de vulnerabilidad social. Grupos operativos se realizaron con los adolescentes asistentes a un Grupo de Asistencia Social del Departamento de Asistencia Social de un municipio en el estado de São Paulo. Un total de 10 adolescentes de ambos sexos, edad 10 a 15 años. Los adolescentes fueron tratados en sesiones que duran 1h20 y semanalmente, durante 12 meses. El grupo estaba abierto y tenía como objetivo permitir a los participantes a crear las condiciones para reflexionar sobre los problemas que encuentran en su vida cotidiana, buscando estrategias más apropiadas para los cambios necesarios para resolver sus dilemas. Se observó que la identidad de género atraviesa los conflictos emocionales que emergen en el espacio de grupo. El proceso de aprendizaje en grupo condujo a la adopción de las tuberías alternativas ante los obstáculos que aparecieron en el proceso del grupo, lo que favorece la ruptura con formas primitivas de sentir, pensar y actuar presentadas al inicio de las reuniones.

Developmental pathways to sexual risk behavior in high-risk adolescent boys.

OBJECTIVE: Adolescent boys' involvement in pregnancy and sexual risk behavior is a public health concern. Although research has identified predictors of sexual risk behavior during adolescence, few studies have investigated precursors to boys' sexual risk behavior beginning in early childhood, the identification of which could serve to inform interventions and help reduce involvement in pregnancy. Our goal was to identify early developmental pathways associated with sexual risk behavior in a sample of low-income adolescent boys. METHODS: Data from a prospective longitudinal study in 310 at-risk boys were used to examine externalizing problems, mothers' depressive symptoms, and low-nurturant parenting in early childhood (1.5, 2, and 3.5 years old) and daring, externalizing, parental monitoring, and deviant peer affiliation during emerging adolescence (11 and 12 years old) as precursors of sexual risk behavior between the ages 15 and 20 years. Structural equation modeling was used to explore pathways associated with later high-risk sexual behavior (HRSB). RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, adolescent daring and deviant peer affiliation at age 12 were associated with later HRSB. Furthermore, deviant peer affiliation during emerging adolescence mediated the relationship between mothers' depressive symptoms and nurturant parenting during early childhood and later adolescent HRSB. CONCLUSIONS: Family-based risk factors in early childhood are predictive of HRSB in adolescence but are also influenced, and in some cases mediated, by relationships with peers and child characteristics during emerging adolescence.

Place and sexual partnership transition among young American Indian and Alaska native women.

Multiple challenges expose American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women to high-risk sexual partnerships and increased risk for HIV/STI. Using a unique sample of sexually-active young AIAN women (n = 129), we examined characteristics of last three partners and whether transitional partnerships were associated with different risk profiles, including where partners met, lived, and had sex. Respondents were more likely to have met their previous or current secondary partner (P2) at a friend's or family setting (versus work or social setting) (AOR = 3.92; 95 % CI 1.31, 11.70). Condom use was less likely when meeting a partner at friend's or family settings (AOR = 0.17; 95 % CI 0.05, 0.59). Sexual intercourse with P2 (compared to P1) usually took place in "riskier" settings such as a car, bar, or outside (AOR = 4.15; 95 % CI 1.59, 10.68). Perceived "safe" places, e.g., friend's or family's house, were identified with risky behaviors; thus, homogeneous messaging campaigns may promote a false sense of safety.

Biological markers of asexuality: Handedness, birth order, and finger length ratios in self-identified asexual men and women.

Human asexuality is defined as a lack of sexual attraction to anyone or anything and it has been suggested that it may be best conceptualized as a sexual orientation. Non-right-handedness, fraternal birth order, and finger length ratio (2D:4D) are early neurodevelopmental markers associated with sexual orientation. We conducted an Internet study investigating the relationship between self-identification as asexual, handedness, number of older siblings, and self-measured finger-lengths in comparison to individuals of other sexual orientation groups. A total of 325 asexuals (60 men and 265 women; M age, 24.8 years), 690 heterosexuals (190 men and 500 women; M age, 23.5 years), and 268 non-heterosexuals (homosexual and bisexual; 64 men and 204 women; M age, 29.0 years) completed online questionnaires. Asexual men and women were 2.4 and 2.5 times, respectively, more likely to be non-right-handed than their heterosexual counterparts and there were significant differences between sexual orientation groups in number of older brothers and older sisters, and this depended on handedness. Asexual and non-heterosexual men were more likely to be later-born than heterosexual men, and asexual women were more likely to be earlier-born than non-heterosexual women. We found no significant differences between sexual orientation groups on measurements of 2D:4D ratio. This is one of the first studies to test and provide preliminary empirical support for an underlying neurodevelopmental basis to account for the lack of sexual attraction characteristic of asexuality.

Psychosexual outcomes in three siblings with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: impact of nature versus nurture.

There are few reports of adults with disorders of sexual development (DSD). Here we describe the clinical profile and results of psychological assessment of three siblings with 46, XY DSD caused by partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS). The elder sibling (aged 22 years) was reared as female, while the middle and youngest siblings (17 and 18 years of age), were reared as males. The gender identity was concordant with the sex of rearing. There was no gender dysphoria. The psychological distress that our patients experienced was due to the limitations placed on them by their medical condition. It did not permit them to experience various facets of being either male or female completely. The younger siblings reared as males had additional problems of gynecomastia and lack of male secondary sexual development.

Sexual attraction, sexual identity, and psychosocial wellbeing in a national sample of young women during emerging adulthood.

Identity-based conceptualizations of sexual orientation may not account adequately for variation in young women's sexuality. Sexual minorities fare worse in psychosocial markers of wellbeing (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, self esteem, social support) than heterosexual youth; however, it remains unclear whether these health disparities exclusively affect individuals who adopt a sexual minority identity or if they also may be present among heterosexually-identified youth who report same-sex attractions. We examined the relationship between sexual attraction, sexual identity, and psychosocial wellbeing in the female only subsample (weighted, n = 391) of a national sample of emerging adults (age 18-24). Women in this study rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) their degree of sexual attraction to males and females, respectively. From these scores, women were divided into 4 groups (low female/low male attraction, low female/high male attraction, high female/low male attraction, or high female/high male attraction). We explored the relationship between experiences of attraction, reported sexual identity, and psychosocial outcomes using ordinary least squares regression. The results indicated sexual attraction to be predictive of women's psychosocial wellbeing as much as or more than sexual identity measures. We discuss these findings in terms of the diversity found in young women's sexuality, and how sexual minority status may be experienced by this group.

Are survivors of childhood cancer with an unfavourable psychosocial developmental trajectory more likely to apply for disability benefits?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether an unfavourable psychosocial developmental trajectory while growing up with childhood cancer is related to a smaller likelihood of labour participation in adult life. METHODS: A total of 53 childhood cancer survivors (CCS) with and 313 CCS without disability benefits, and 508 peers from the general Dutch population (reference group) completed the Course of Life Questionnaire (CoLQ) about the achievement of psychosocial developmental milestones. Differences between the three groups were tested by conducting analysis of variance with contrasts (scale scores CoLQ) and logistic regression analysis (individual milestones). Effect sizes and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Compared with the reference group, both CCS with and CCS without benefits reported lower scale scores with respect to social and psychosexual development. CCS with disability benefits had lower social (d = - 0.6; p < 0.001) and psychosexual (d = -0.4; p < 0.01) scale scores than the CCS without disability benefits. CCS with disability benefits scored less favourably (p < 0.01) than peers from the general population on 14 out of 22 psychosocial milestones whereas the number was only six for those without disability benefits. CONCLUSIONS: CCS with an unfavourable developmental trajectory while growing up were more likely to apply for disability benefits in adulthood than CCS with a more favourable development. Early recognition and support are warranted. Further research is needed on risk factors of application for disability benefits. In addition, research should show whether stimulating the achievement of developmental milestones while growing up will create conditions for a better labour market position.

Abuso sexual infanto-juvenil: a atuação do programa sentinela na cidade de Blumenau/SC / Children's sexual abuse: the performance of the sentinela program in Blumenau / SC / Abuso sexual infanto-juvenil: la actuación del programa sentinela en la ciudad de Blumenau/SC

A violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é um problema de saúde pública que exige uma intervenção adequada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a atuação do Programa Sentinela, da cidade de Blumenau/SC, diante da violência sexual infanto-juvenil e mapear seus fatores de assistência e de vulnerabilidade. A metodologia empregada foi a análise documental das intervenções realizadas pelo programa. O estudo foi composto por 30 prontuários relativos a todas as crianças e adolescentes em situação de violência sexual atendidos pelo Sentinela que foram desligados do programa no segundo semestre de 2009. Os resultados apontam o programa como uma ferramenta contra a violência sexual infanto-juvenil, mas, da mesma forma, demonstram que ele necessita de melhorias. Entre os fatores de assistência, observouse a credibilidade do Sentinela, o atendimento aos cuidadores das crianças e adolescentes, a variedade de intervenções e a articulação entre aspectos psicológicos, sociais e legais. Verificou-se, por outro lado, a falta de comunicação entre as instituições para articular as medidas de proteção necessárias, o não planejamento das intervenções, a não realização de intervenção com o autor da violência e a ausência de informações em alguns prontuários como fatores de vulnerabilidade.

The sexual violence against children and adolescents is a public health problem that demands an adequate intervention. The present study aims to identify the performance of the Sentinela Program of Blumenau/SC due to sexual violence against children and adolescents. The study presents the mapping of service and the vulnerability factors in the program's resource network. The methodology used in the research was the documentary analysis of the interventions that were performed by the program. The study was composed by 30 medical records for all children and adolescents in situations of sexual violence treated at the Sentinela that have been disconnected from the program in the second semester of 2009. The results revealed that the Sentinela Program is a tool against sexual violence against children and adolescents but at the same time they showed that the program needs improvement. Among the assistance factors observed were the credibility of the Sentinela, the treatment with children and adolescents' parents, the variety of interventions and the relationship among psychological, social and legal aspects. On the other hand the vulnerability factors were the lack of communication among institutions to articulate the necessary protection measures, badly planned interventions, failure to complete the intervention with the perpetrator of the violence and the lack of information in some records.

La violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes es un problema de salud pública que exige una intervención adecuada. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la actuación del Programa Sentinela, de la ciudad de Blumenau/SC, ante la violencia sexual infanto- juvenil; y, mapear sus factores de asistencia y de vulnerabilidad. La metodología empleada fue el análisis documental de las intervenciones realizadas por el Programa. El estudio estuvo compuesto de 30 historias clínicas relativas a todos los niños y adolescentes en situación de violencia sexual atendidos por el Sentinela que fueron retirados del programa en el segundo semestre de 2009. Los resultados apuntan el Programa Sentinela como una herramienta contra la violencia sexual infanto- juvenil, pero, de la misma forma, demuestran que el Programa necesita mejorías. Entre los factores de asistencia se observó la credibilidad del Sentinela, la atención a los cuidadores de los niños y adolescentes, la variedad de intervenciones y la articulación entre aspectos psicológicos, sociales y legales. Se verificó, por otro lado, la falta de comunicación entre las instituciones para articular las medidas de protección necesarias; la no planificación de las intervenciones, la no realización de intervención con el autor de la violencia; y, la ausencia de informaciones, como, por ejemplo, sobre factores de vulnerabilidad, en algunas historias clínicas.

Perception of sexuality education amongst secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Sexuality behavior amongst young people in Nigeria and indeed Sub-Saharan Africa is seriously going through transformation from what it was previously. It is therefore important that young people have adequate information about their sexuality so that they can make informed choices. OBJECTIVE: To determine perceptions and knowledge of sexuality education amongst secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. METHODS: A structured, anonymous and self-administered questionnaire, used as instrument for data collection, was distributed amongst a convenient sample of 1050 secondary school students attending a series of Schools debates in Port Harcourt Metropolis. RESULTS: The students were aged 10 -20 years, with a median age of 15. There were 486 males and 564 females giving a M: F ratio of 1:1.2. Four hundred and fourteen (73.4%) of the females had attained menarche. Nine hundred and fifty (90.5%) of the respondents had heard of sexuality education but only 422 (40.1%) discussed relevant topics on the subject. 52.8% believed that sexuality education should be given at home by both parents. However, only 164 (31.2%) and 19 (3.6%) got such information from their mothers and fathers respectively. Only 7.6% acknowledged the school teacher as a source of information. CONCLUSION: Secondary school students are aware of the subject of sexuality education, but lack adequate information on sexuality issues. Parents and teachers are a poor source of information for students. Parents, Teachers and students need to be enlightened on sexuality education. There is also a need to incorporate it into the school curriculum.

Bed sharing in school-age children--clinical and social implications.

TOPIC: The topic of this review was the clinical and social implications of bed sharing in school-age children. PURPOSE: The present review of literature was aimed to explore the reasons why school-age children seek bed sharing with parents, and the effect of culture on bed sharing practice. We also sought to examine if the duration of bed sharing has an impact on children, and importantly, what effect bed sharing had on a child's psychosexual development, if any. This article will also review the literature in search of scientific evidence regarding the short- and long-term consequences of bed sharing. SOURCES: A search for peer-reviewed English language literature published in the past 20 years was performed from various databases (Medline, PsycInfo, and Cochran Data Base Systemic Reviews). CONCLUSIONS: We found that bed sharing is a cultural practice. Generally speaking, infant-parent bed sharing has distinct benefits. Its perceived benefits and drawbacks are distinctly influenced by cultural beliefs and practices.

Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood.

Some recent studies suggest that sexual minorities may have worse health-related outcomes during adolescence because they report lower levels of family connectedness, a key protective resource. Using data from wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 11,153; 50.6% female; mean age = 21.8 years), this study extends prior research on adolescents to young adults. We examine whether lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) young adults report lower levels of parental support than their heterosexual peers and whether differences in parental support help explain why LGB young adults tend to have worse health-related outcomes. We find that lesbian and bisexual women report lower levels of parental support than heterosexual women and that gay men report lower levels of parental support than bisexual and heterosexual men. Compared to heterosexual women, lesbian and bisexual women have higher odds of suicidal thoughts and recent drug use; bisexual women also have higher odds of elevated depressive symptomatology and heavy drinking. Gay men have higher odds of suicidal thoughts than heterosexual men. With the exception of heavy drinking, parental support either partially or fully mediates each of the observed associations. Even though the transition from adolescence to young adulthood is characterized by increased independence from parents, parental support remains an important correlate of health-related outcomes during this stage of life. Sexual minorities report lower levels of parental support during young adulthood, which helps explain why they have worse health-related outcomes. Interventions designed to strengthen relationships between LGB young adults and their parents could lead to a reduction in health disparities related to sexual orientation.